diff --git a/src/render/CMakeLists.txt b/src/render/CMakeLists.txt
index 98b86f6..09f60b1 100644
--- a/src/render/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/render/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ add_library(geopro_render STATIC
   Scene.cpp ColorLutBuilder.cpp CameraPreset.cpp VoxelFromScatters.cpp ContourBands.cpp actors/GridContourActor.cpp actors/VoxelActor.cpp actors/CurtainActor.cpp actors/MapLineActor.cpp actors/ScatterActor.cpp actors/AnomalyActor.cpp actors/ElectrodeActor.cpp actors/TerrainActor.cpp actors/AxesActor.cpp
   interact/SlicePlaneMath.cpp interact/SliceTool.cpp interact/PickInteractorStyle.cpp interact/InteractionManager.cpp interact/AnomalyDrawTool.cpp
   ground/TileMath.cpp
+  lod/ViewAdaptiveLodPolicy.cpp
   source/WholeVolumeSource.cpp source/BrickPager.cpp source/OutOfCoreSource.cpp)
 target_include_directories(geopro_render PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
 target_link_libraries(geopro_render PUBLIC geopro_core geopro_store ${VTK_LIBRARIES} GDAL::GDAL)
diff --git a/src/render/lod/ViewAdaptiveLodPolicy.cpp b/src/render/lod/ViewAdaptiveLodPolicy.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7dcb26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/render/lod/ViewAdaptiveLodPolicy.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+#include "lod/ViewAdaptiveLodPolicy.hpp"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace geopro::render {
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr double kPi = 3.14159265358979323846;
+
+using Vec3 = std::array<double, 3>;
+
+Vec3 sub(const double a[3], const double b[3]) {
+  return {a[0] - b[0], a[1] - b[1], a[2] - b[2]};
+}
+double dot(const Vec3& a, const Vec3& b) {
+  return a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2];
+}
+Vec3 cross(const Vec3& a, const Vec3& b) {
+  return {a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1], a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2],
+          a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0]};
+}
+double norm(const Vec3& a) { return std::sqrt(dot(a, a)); }
+Vec3 normalize(const Vec3& a) {
+  const double n = norm(a);
+  if (n <= 0.0) return {0, 0, 1};
+  return {a[0] / n, a[1] / n, a[2] / n};
+}
+
+// 一个内侧法向平面：n·x + d ≥ 0 为内侧。
+struct Plane {
+  Vec3 n;
+  double d;
+};
+
+// 由透视相机参数构造 5 个内侧法向平面（左/右/上/下/近；远平面省略，不参与视野裁剪）。
+//
+// 设 f=前向、r=右向、u=真上向（正交基）；tanV=tan(fovY/2)、tanH=tanV*aspect。
+// 视空间内侧条件：|vx| ≤ tanH·vz、|vy| ≤ tanV·vz、vz ≥ near。
+// 将 vx=dot(rel,r)、vy=dot(rel,u)、vz=dot(rel,f)（rel=x-pos）代入得世界系线性平面：
+//   右：tanH·f - r；左：tanH·f + r；上：tanV·f - u；下：tanV·f + u（均过 pos）。
+//   近：f，过 pos+near·f。
+std::array<Plane, 5> buildFrustumPlanes(const CameraView& cam) {
+  const Vec3 pos{cam.pos[0], cam.pos[1], cam.pos[2]};
+  const Vec3 f = normalize(sub(cam.focal, cam.pos));
+  const Vec3 upHint{cam.up[0], cam.up[1], cam.up[2]};
+  Vec3 r = cross(f, upHint);
+  if (norm(r) <= 1e-12) {
+    // up 与视线共线：换一个参考轴。
+    r = cross(f, Vec3{1, 0, 0});
+    if (norm(r) <= 1e-12) r = cross(f, Vec3{0, 1, 0});
+  }
+  r = normalize(r);
+  const Vec3 u = normalize(cross(r, f));
+
+  const double tanV = std::tan(0.5 * cam.fovYDeg * kPi / 180.0);
+  const double tanH = tanV * (cam.aspect > 0 ? cam.aspect : 1.0);
+
+  auto makeThroughPos = [&](const Vec3& n) -> Plane {
+    return Plane{n, -dot(n, pos)};
+  };
+
+  std::array<Plane, 5> planes{};
+  planes[0] = makeThroughPos({tanH * f[0] - r[0], tanH * f[1] - r[1],
+                              tanH * f[2] - r[2]});  // 右
+  planes[1] = makeThroughPos({tanH * f[0] + r[0], tanH * f[1] + r[1],
+                              tanH * f[2] + r[2]});  // 左
+  planes[2] = makeThroughPos({tanV * f[0] - u[0], tanV * f[1] - u[1],
+                              tanV * f[2] - u[2]});  // 上
+  planes[3] = makeThroughPos({tanV * f[0] + u[0], tanV * f[1] + u[1],
+                              tanV * f[2] + u[2]});  // 下
+  // 近平面：取很小的正 near，避免把贴脸的体裁掉；只防身后。
+  const double nearD = 1e-6;
+  planes[4] = Plane{f, -(dot(f, pos) + nearD)};  // 近（vz ≥ near）
+  return planes;
+}
+
+// AABB[bmin,bmax] 是否与视锥相交（保守：p-vertex 测试，与 OutOfCoreSource 一致）。
+bool aabbInFrustum(const Vec3& bmin, const Vec3& bmax,
+                   const std::array<Plane, 5>& planes) {
+  for (const Plane& pl : planes) {
+    const double px = (pl.n[0] >= 0) ? bmax[0] : bmin[0];
+    const double py = (pl.n[1] >= 0) ? bmax[1] : bmin[1];
+    const double pz = (pl.n[2] >= 0) ? bmax[2] : bmin[2];
+    if (pl.n[0] * px + pl.n[1] * py + pl.n[2] * pz + pl.d < 0.0) {
+      return false;  // 最正顶点都在该面外 → 整盒在外。
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+int ceilDiv(int a, int b) { return (a + b - 1) / b; }
+
+// level L 各轴体素维度 = ceil(n / 2^L)，至少 1。
+int dimAtLevel(int n, int level) {
+  const int d = ceilDiv(n, 1 << level);
+  return d > 0 ? d : 1;
+}
+
+// 某 level 某轴块数。
+int bricksAtLevel(int n, int brick, int level) {
+  return ceilDiv(dimAtLevel(n, level), brick);
+}
+
+// 在给定 level 上做视锥裁剪，求可见 brick 区间（半开）。返回是否有可见块。
+bool visibleBrickRange(const VolumeView& vol, int level,
+                       const std::array<Plane, 5>& planes, int& bx0, int& bx1,
+                       int& by0, int& by1, int& bz0, int& bz1) {
+  const int bxN = bricksAtLevel(vol.nx, vol.brick, level);
+  const int byN = bricksAtLevel(vol.ny, vol.brick, level);
+  const int bzN = bricksAtLevel(vol.nz, vol.brick, level);
+
+  const double scale = static_cast<double>(std::int64_t(1) << level);  // 2^L
+  const double sp[3] = {vol.spacing[0] * scale, vol.spacing[1] * scale,
+                        vol.spacing[2] * scale};
+  const int dimX = dimAtLevel(vol.nx, level);
+  const int dimY = dimAtLevel(vol.ny, level);
+  const int dimZ = dimAtLevel(vol.nz, level);
+
+  bx0 = by0 = bz0 = 1 << 30;
+  bx1 = by1 = bz1 = 0;
+  bool any = false;
+
+  for (int bz = 0; bz < bzN; ++bz) {
+    const int k0 = bz * vol.brick;
+    const int kd = std::min(vol.brick, dimZ - k0);
+    for (int by = 0; by < byN; ++by) {
+      const int j0 = by * vol.brick;
+      const int jd = std::min(vol.brick, dimY - j0);
+      for (int bx = 0; bx < bxN; ++bx) {
+        const int i0 = bx * vol.brick;
+        const int id = std::min(vol.brick, dimX - i0);
+        const Vec3 bmin{vol.origin[0] + i0 * sp[0], vol.origin[1] + j0 * sp[1],
+                        vol.origin[2] + k0 * sp[2]};
+        const Vec3 bmax{vol.origin[0] + (i0 + id) * sp[0],
+                        vol.origin[1] + (j0 + jd) * sp[1],
+                        vol.origin[2] + (k0 + kd) * sp[2]};
+        if (aabbInFrustum(bmin, bmax, planes)) {
+          any = true;
+          bx0 = std::min(bx0, bx);
+          bx1 = std::max(bx1, bx + 1);
+          by0 = std::min(by0, by);
+          by1 = std::max(by1, by + 1);
+          bz0 = std::min(bz0, bz);
+          bz1 = std::max(bz1, bz + 1);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return any;
+}
+
+// 区间在该 level 重组单纹理的某轴体素数（块数 × brick，截到该 level 维度）。
+int axisTexture(int b0, int b1, int brick, int dimL) {
+  const int start = b0 * brick;
+  const int end = std::min(b1 * brick, dimL);
+  return std::max(0, end - start);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+LodSelection selectLod(const VolumeView& vol, const CameraView& cam,
+                       int maxTextureDim) {
+  LodSelection out{};
+  out.empty = true;
+
+  const int maxLevel = std::max(0, vol.levels - 1);
+  const std::array<Plane, 5> planes = buildFrustumPlanes(cam);
+
+  // ── ② 选层第一步：定"最细的不过采样层" Lmin。 ───────────────────────────
+  // worldPerPixel = 2·tanV·dist / viewportH（透视下屏幕一像素对应的世界尺度）。
+  // level L 体素世界尺寸 = minSpacing × 2^L。不过采样 ⇔ 体素尺寸 ≥ worldPerPixel，
+  // 即每体素投影 ≳1 像素。取满足该式的最细 L。
+  const Vec3 f = normalize(sub(cam.focal, cam.pos));
+  const Vec3 center{vol.origin[0] + 0.5 * vol.nx * vol.spacing[0],
+                    vol.origin[1] + 0.5 * vol.ny * vol.spacing[1],
+                    vol.origin[2] + 0.5 * vol.nz * vol.spacing[2]};
+  const Vec3 toCenter = sub(center.data(), cam.pos);
+  const double dist = std::max(1e-9, dot(toCenter, f));  // 沿视线深度（≥0）
+
+  const double tanV = std::tan(0.5 * cam.fovYDeg * kPi / 180.0);
+  const int vph = cam.viewportH > 0 ? cam.viewportH : 1;
+  const double worldPerPixel = 2.0 * tanV * dist / static_cast<double>(vph);
+
+  const double minSpacing =
+      std::min({std::abs(vol.spacing[0]), std::abs(vol.spacing[1]),
+                std::abs(vol.spacing[2])});
+
+  int lmin = 0;
+  if (minSpacing > 0.0 && worldPerPixel > 0.0) {
+    // 求最小 L 使 minSpacing·2^L ≥ worldPerPixel。
+    const double ratio = worldPerPixel / minSpacing;
+    if (ratio > 1.0) {
+      lmin = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(std::log2(ratio)));
+    }
+  }
+  lmin = std::clamp(lmin, 0, maxLevel);
+
+  // ── ③ 从 Lmin 起逐级变粗，直到可见区间重组各轴 ≤ maxTextureDim（硬约束 a）。 ─
+  for (int level = lmin; level <= maxLevel; ++level) {
+    int bx0, bx1, by0, by1, bz0, bz1;
+    if (!visibleBrickRange(vol, level, planes, bx0, bx1, by0, by1, bz0, bz1)) {
+      out.empty = true;  // 该层全裁 → 体在视锥外（各 level 同一视锥，结论一致）。
+      return out;
+    }
+    const int dimX = dimAtLevel(vol.nx, level);
+    const int dimY = dimAtLevel(vol.ny, level);
+    const int dimZ = dimAtLevel(vol.nz, level);
+    const int tx = axisTexture(bx0, bx1, vol.brick, dimX);
+    const int ty = axisTexture(by0, by1, vol.brick, dimY);
+    const int tz = axisTexture(bz0, bz1, vol.brick, dimZ);
+
+    const bool fits =
+        tx <= maxTextureDim && ty <= maxTextureDim && tz <= maxTextureDim;
+    if (fits || level == maxLevel) {
+      out.level = level;
+      out.bx0 = bx0;
+      out.bx1 = bx1;
+      out.by0 = by0;
+      out.by1 = by1;
+      out.bz0 = bz0;
+      out.bz1 = bz1;
+      out.empty = false;
+      return out;
+    }
+    // 不满足 maxTextureDim 且非最粗层 → 继续变粗。
+  }
+
+  return out;  // 理论不可达（循环必返回）；保底 empty。
+}
+
+}  // namespace geopro::render
diff --git a/src/render/lod/ViewAdaptiveLodPolicy.hpp b/src/render/lod/ViewAdaptiveLodPolicy.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..390240a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/render/lod/ViewAdaptiveLodPolicy.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#pragma once
+
+namespace geopro::render {
+
+// ── C1：视野自适应 LOD 选层（纯逻辑，headless 可测，零 VTK/Qt 依赖）────────────
+//
+// 把"渲视野内、远处自动粗、近处细且只取视野小块"的策略钉成纯数值函数：
+// 相机参数用平面结构 CameraView 传（渲染层从 vtkCamera 填），不直接吃 vtkCamera。
+// 输出：选定 LOD level + 该层要渲的 brick 区间（半开）+ 是否整体在视锥外。
+//
+// 与 OutOfCoreSource 的几何约定保持一致：
+//   - 金字塔 level 0 = 最细；level L 维度 = ceil(n / 2^L)；
+//   - level L 世界间距 = 基础 spacing × 2^L；世界 origin 不随 level 变；
+//   - 块布局：每 brick 个体素一块，边缘块更小；i 最快、k 最慢。
+
+// 平面相机参数（透视）。渲染层从 vtkCamera 填：
+//   pos/focal/up 世界系；fovYDeg/aspect 透视张角与宽高比；viewportH 像素高（定屏幕分辨率）。
+struct CameraView {
+  double pos[3];
+  double focal[3];
+  double up[3];
+  double fovYDeg;  // 垂直全张角（度）
+  double aspect;   // 视口宽/高
+  int viewportH;   // 视口像素高（用于"体素投影 ≳1 像素/体素"判定）
+};
+
+// 体的元信息（从 StoreMeta + 垂向夸张 exagg）。
+//   nx/ny/nz：level 0 体素维度；brick：块边长；levels：总层数（含 level 0）。
+//   origin/spacing：level 0 世界几何（spacing 已含 exagg 于 y/z）；exagg：垂向夸张（仅记录）。
+struct VolumeView {
+  int nx, ny, nz;
+  int brick;
+  int levels;
+  double origin[3];
+  double spacing[3];
+  double exagg;
+};
+
+// 选层结果。
+//   level：选定 LOD 层（0=最细）。
+//   [bx0,bx1) [by0,by1) [bz0,bz1)：该 level 要渲的 brick 区间（半开；empty 时全 0）。
+//   empty：体完全在视锥外（无块可渲）。
+struct LodSelection {
+  int level;
+  int bx0, bx1;
+  int by0, by1;
+  int bz0, bz1;
+  bool empty;
+};
+
+// 选层规则：
+//  ① 视锥裁剪求可见体素 AABB → 该层 brick 区间。
+//  ② 选层：
+//     - 先按"体素投影 ≳1 像素/体素"定**最细的不过采样层** Lmin（近观 worldPerPixel 小
+//       → Lmin 小 → 细；远观 → Lmin 大 → 粗）；
+//     - 再从 Lmin 起逐级**变粗**直到可见区间重组单纹理各轴 ≤ maxTextureDim（硬约束 a），
+//       或到达最粗层。
+//  这样：远观→粗层（区间≈全体）、近观→细层（区间是视锥内小块），且各轴恒 ≤ maxTextureDim。
+//  视距-层单调：相机拉近 → worldPerPixel 与视距均减 → Lmin 不增 → level 不增。
+//  体在视锥外 → empty=true。
+LodSelection selectLod(const VolumeView& vol, const CameraView& cam,
+                       int maxTextureDim = 16384);
+
+}  // namespace geopro::render
diff --git a/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
index 175cf04..3321b5a 100644
--- a/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -124,6 +124,8 @@ target_sources(geopro_tests PRIVATE render/test_whole_volume_source.cpp)
 # BrickPager(C)：内存恒定的 brick LRU 分页器，驻留 ≤ budget 个解压块，证明超大体浏览内存不爆。
 target_sources(geopro_tests PRIVATE render/test_brick_pager.cpp)
 target_sources(geopro_tests PRIVATE render/test_outofcore_source.cpp)
+# ViewAdaptiveLodPolicy(C1)：视野自适应 LOD 选层(纯逻辑,零 VTK/Qt)——视锥裁剪求可见 brick 区间 + 视距/分辨率选层。
+target_sources(geopro_tests PRIVATE render/test_view_adaptive_lod.cpp)
 target_link_libraries(geopro_tests PRIVATE geopro_render ${VTK_LIBRARIES})
 vtk_module_autoinit(TARGETS geopro_tests MODULES ${VTK_LIBRARIES})
 
diff --git a/tests/render/test_view_adaptive_lod.cpp b/tests/render/test_view_adaptive_lod.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a27e3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/render/test_view_adaptive_lod.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <cmath>
+
+#include "lod/ViewAdaptiveLodPolicy.hpp"
+
+using geopro::render::CameraView;
+using geopro::render::LodSelection;
+using geopro::render::selectLod;
+using geopro::render::VolumeView;
+
+namespace {
+
+// 构造一个规整体：nx=ny=nz=512、brick=64（每轴 8 块）、level0 间距=1、levels=4（L0..L3）。
+// 世界范围 [0,512]³（origin 0）。各 level 维度：512/256/128/64；间距 1/2/4/8。
+VolumeView makeVol(int n = 512, int brick = 64, int levels = 4, double sp = 1.0) {
+  VolumeView v{};
+  v.nx = v.ny = v.nz = n;
+  v.brick = brick;
+  v.levels = levels;
+  v.origin[0] = v.origin[1] = v.origin[2] = 0.0;
+  v.spacing[0] = v.spacing[1] = v.spacing[2] = sp;
+  v.exagg = 1.0;
+  return v;
+}
+
+// 相机：从 +X 方向看体中心。dist = 相机到中心距离；fov/viewportH 控分辨率密度。
+CameraView lookFromX(const VolumeView& v, double dist, double fovYDeg = 30.0,
+                     int viewportH = 1080) {
+  CameraView c{};
+  const double cx = v.origin[0] + 0.5 * v.nx * v.spacing[0];
+  const double cy = v.origin[1] + 0.5 * v.ny * v.spacing[1];
+  const double cz = v.origin[2] + 0.5 * v.nz * v.spacing[2];
+  c.focal[0] = cx;
+  c.focal[1] = cy;
+  c.focal[2] = cz;
+  c.pos[0] = cx + dist;
+  c.pos[1] = cy;
+  c.pos[2] = cz;
+  c.up[0] = 0;
+  c.up[1] = 0;
+  c.up[2] = 1;
+  c.fovYDeg = fovYDeg;
+  c.aspect = 1.0;
+  c.viewportH = viewportH;
+  return c;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// ── empty：体完全在视锥外（相机背对体）→ empty ──────────────────────────────
+TEST(ViewAdaptiveLod, VolumeBehindCameraIsEmpty) {
+  const VolumeView v = makeVol();
+  CameraView c = lookFromX(v, 1000.0);
+  // 把焦点设到相机背后：相机仍在 +X 远处，但看向 +X 更远（体在身后）。
+  c.focal[0] = c.pos[0] + 1000.0;  // 视线朝 +X，体在 -X 侧 → 视锥外
+  const LodSelection sel = selectLod(v, c);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(sel.empty);
+}
+
+TEST(ViewAdaptiveLod, VolumeOffToSideIsEmpty) {
+  const VolumeView v = makeVol();
+  // 相机看 +Z（体在 -X..+X、相机在远 +X，焦点正上方）→ 体偏出窄视锥。
+  CameraView c{};
+  c.pos[0] = 100000;
+  c.pos[1] = 0;
+  c.pos[2] = 0;
+  c.focal[0] = 100000;
+  c.focal[1] = 0;
+  c.focal[2] = 100000;  // 看 +Z
+  c.up[0] = 1;
+  c.up[1] = 0;
+  c.up[2] = 0;
+  c.fovYDeg = 5.0;
+  c.aspect = 1.0;
+  c.viewportH = 1080;
+  const LodSelection sel = selectLod(v, c);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(sel.empty);
+}
+
+// ── 远观整体 → 粗层、区间≈全体、各轴 ≤ maxTextureDim ───────────────────────
+TEST(ViewAdaptiveLod, FarViewPicksCoarseLevelWholeVolume) {
+  const VolumeView v = makeVol();
+  // 很远 + 适中 fov：整体入视锥，worldPerPixel 大 → 粗层。
+  const CameraView c = lookFromX(v, 8000.0);
+  const LodSelection sel = selectLod(v, c);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(sel.empty);
+  EXPECT_GT(sel.level, 0);  // 远 → 粗（非最细）
+  // 区间≈全体：覆盖所有块（该 level 块数）。
+  // 该 level 每轴块数 = ceil(ceil(512/2^L)/64)。
+  const int dimL = (512 + (1 << sel.level) - 1) >> sel.level;
+  const int bN = (dimL + v.brick - 1) / v.brick;
+  EXPECT_EQ(sel.bx0, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(sel.bx1, bN);
+  EXPECT_EQ(sel.by0, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(sel.by1, bN);
+  EXPECT_EQ(sel.bz0, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(sel.bz1, bN);
+}
+
+// ── 近观局部 → 细层、区间是视锥内小块、各轴 ≤ maxTextureDim ─────────────────
+TEST(ViewAdaptiveLod, NearViewPicksFineLevelSmallRegion) {
+  const VolumeView v = makeVol();
+  // 贴近 + 窄 fov：只看到体内一小块，worldPerPixel 小 → 细层(0)、小区间。
+  const CameraView c = lookFromX(v, 60.0, 20.0, 1080);
+  const LodSelection sel = selectLod(v, c);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(sel.empty);
+  EXPECT_EQ(sel.level, 0);  // 近 → 最细
+  // 区间是子集（不是全 8 块）：至少某一垂直于视线的轴被裁小。
+  const int bNfull = (512 + v.brick - 1) / v.brick;  // 8
+  const bool yShrunk = (sel.by1 - sel.by0) < bNfull;
+  const bool zShrunk = (sel.bz1 - sel.bz0) < bNfull;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(yShrunk || zShrunk);
+}
+
+// ── 选定层重组区间各轴恒 ≤ maxTextureDim（小 maxTextureDim 强制升层/缩区间）──
+TEST(ViewAdaptiveLod, RespectsMaxTextureDimAlways) {
+  const VolumeView v = makeVol();
+  // 多组视距 × 极小 maxTextureDim，断言选定层重组单纹理各轴 ≤ maxTextureDim。
+  for (double dist : {60.0, 300.0, 1500.0, 8000.0, 40000.0}) {
+    const CameraView c = lookFromX(v, dist);
+    const LodSelection sel = selectLod(v, c, /*maxTextureDim=*/64);
+    if (sel.empty) continue;
+    // 选定 level 下，区间重组单纹理各轴体素数 = (块数 × brick) 截到该 level 维度。
+    const int dimL = (512 + (1 << sel.level) - 1) >> sel.level;
+    auto axisTex = [&](int b0, int b1) {
+      const int start = b0 * v.brick;
+      const int end = std::min(b1 * v.brick, dimL);
+      return end - start;
+    };
+    EXPECT_LE(axisTex(sel.bx0, sel.bx1), 64);
+    EXPECT_LE(axisTex(sel.by0, sel.by1), 64);
+    EXPECT_LE(axisTex(sel.bz0, sel.bz1), 64);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(ViewAdaptiveLod, RespectsDefaultMaxTextureDim) {
+  const VolumeView v = makeVol(/*n=*/4096, /*brick=*/256, /*levels=*/1);
+  // levels=1（只有 level0）→ 不能升层，只能靠缩区间满足 16384。4096 < 16384 必满足。
+  const CameraView c = lookFromX(v, 100000.0);
+  const LodSelection sel = selectLod(v, c, 16384);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(sel.empty);
+  EXPECT_EQ(sel.level, 0);
+  const int texX = std::min((sel.bx1) * v.brick, 4096) - sel.bx0 * v.brick;
+  EXPECT_LE(texX, 16384);
+}
+
+// ── 视距-层单调：拉近 level 不增 ────────────────────────────────────────────
+TEST(ViewAdaptiveLod, LevelMonotonicWithDistance) {
+  const VolumeView v = makeVol();
+  int prev = 1 << 30;
+  for (double dist : {40000.0, 8000.0, 1500.0, 300.0, 60.0}) {  // 由远到近
+    const CameraView c = lookFromX(v, dist);
+    const LodSelection sel = selectLod(v, c);
+    if (sel.empty) continue;
+    EXPECT_LE(sel.level, prev) << "dist=" << dist;  // 拉近 level 不增
+    prev = sel.level;
+  }
+}
+
+// ── 区间半开且合法（b0<b1，落在块数范围内）────────────────────────────────
+TEST(ViewAdaptiveLod, IntervalsAreValidHalfOpen) {
+  const VolumeView v = makeVol();
+  const CameraView c = lookFromX(v, 1500.0);
+  const LodSelection sel = selectLod(v, c);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(sel.empty);
+  const int dimL = (512 + (1 << sel.level) - 1) >> sel.level;
+  const int bN = (dimL + v.brick - 1) / v.brick;
+  EXPECT_GE(sel.bx0, 0);
+  EXPECT_LT(sel.bx0, sel.bx1);
+  EXPECT_LE(sel.bx1, bN);
+  EXPECT_GE(sel.by0, 0);
+  EXPECT_LT(sel.by0, sel.by1);
+  EXPECT_LE(sel.by1, bN);
+  EXPECT_GE(sel.bz0, 0);
+  EXPECT_LT(sel.bz0, sel.bz1);
+  EXPECT_LE(sel.bz1, bN);
+}
+
+// ── side 视角：从某一侧斜看，仍非空且区间合法 ─────────────────────────────
+TEST(ViewAdaptiveLod, ObliqueSideViewNotEmpty) {
+  const VolumeView v = makeVol();
+  CameraView c{};
+  const double cx = 256, cy = 256, cz = 256;
+  c.pos[0] = cx + 1200;
+  c.pos[1] = cy + 1200;
+  c.pos[2] = cz + 800;
+  c.focal[0] = cx;
+  c.focal[1] = cy;
+  c.focal[2] = cz;
+  c.up[0] = 0;
+  c.up[1] = 0;
+  c.up[2] = 1;
+  c.fovYDeg = 45.0;
+  c.aspect = 1.6;
+  c.viewportH = 1080;
+  const LodSelection sel = selectLod(v, c);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(sel.empty);
+  EXPECT_GE(sel.level, 0);
+  EXPECT_LT(sel.bx0, sel.bx1);
+}