diff --git a/src/app/main.cpp b/src/app/main.cpp
index 760ddfe..84b15f6 100644
--- a/src/app/main.cpp
+++ b/src/app/main.cpp
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ VoxelBuildResult buildVoxelFromScatters(
     using geopro::core::IdwInterpolator;
     using geopro::core::PointSet;
 
-    constexpr double kDxy = 1.0;       // 水平步长(米)
-    constexpr double kDz = 0.5;        // 垂向步长(米)
-    constexpr double kPower = 2.0;     // IDW 幂
+    constexpr double kDxy = 2.0;       // 水平步长(米)；粗化体素网格保证实时(~1.4万格)
+    constexpr double kDz = 1.0;        // 垂向步长(米)
+    constexpr double kPower = 2.0;     // IDW 幂(=2 走 1/d² 快速路径)
     constexpr double kMaxDist = 4.0;   // 超距留空(NaN)
 
     // 合并两剖面点为一组 (X=projX, Y=projY, Z=z)。
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ void buildWorkbench(QMainWindow& window, geopro::data::LocalSampleRepository& re
     cameraGroup->addAction(act3D);
     act2D->setChecked(true);  // 默认二维
     viewToolBar->addSeparator();
-    auto* actVoxel = viewToolBar->addAction(QStringLiteral("dd_voxel"));
+    auto* actVoxel = viewToolBar->addAction(QStringLiteral("三维体素"));
     centerLayout->addWidget(viewToolBar);
     centerLayout->addWidget(vtkWidget, 1);
 
@@ -301,9 +301,11 @@ void buildWorkbench(QMainWindow& window, geopro::data::LocalSampleRepository& re
     QObject::connect(actVoxel, &QAction::triggered, vtkWidget,
                      [&repo, scene, rendererPtr, renderWindowPtr, cameraMode, act3D, propLabel,
                       sliceWidget, voxelImage]() {
+                         QApplication::setOverrideCursor(Qt::WaitCursor);
                          const auto scatters = repo.loadVoxelScatters();
                          const auto cs = repo.loadColorScale("grid1");
                          auto result = buildVoxelFromScatters(scatters, cs);
+                         QApplication::restoreOverrideCursor();
                          if (!result.volume) {
                              propLabel->setText(QStringLiteral("dd_voxel: 无可用散点数据"));
                              return;
diff --git a/src/core/algo/IdwInterpolator.cpp b/src/core/algo/IdwInterpolator.cpp
index c2e59a3..e7eff4f 100644
--- a/src/core/algo/IdwInterpolator.cpp
+++ b/src/core/algo/IdwInterpolator.cpp
@@ -7,22 +7,28 @@ ScalarVolume IdwInterpolator::interpolate(const PointSet& pts, const GridSpec& s
     ScalarVolume vol(s.nx, s.ny, s.nz);
     const double nan = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
     const size_t n = pts.v.size();
+    // 局部 IDW + 性能优化：只累加 maxDist 内的点(平方距离比较，免 sqrt)；
+    // power==2 时权重 = 1/d²，免 sqrt 和 pow（最常见路径，约 10x 提速）。
+    const double maxd2 = s.maxDist * s.maxDist;
+    const bool fastPow2 = (s.power == 2.0);
+    const double halfPow = s.power * 0.5;  // 1/d^power = (d²)^(-power/2)
     for (int k = 0; k < s.nz; ++k)
         for (int j = 0; j < s.ny; ++j)
             for (int i = 0; i < s.nx; ++i) {
                 const double gx = s.ox + i * s.dx, gy = s.oy + j * s.dy, gz = s.oz + k * s.dz;
-                double wsum = 0.0, vsum = 0.0, nearest = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
-                bool hit = false; double hitVal = 0.0;
+                double wsum = 0.0, vsum = 0.0;
+                bool any = false, hit = false; double hitVal = 0.0;
                 for (size_t p = 0; p < n; ++p) {
                     const double ddx = gx - pts.x[p], ddy = gy - pts.y[p], ddz = gz - pts.z[p];
-                    const double d = std::sqrt(ddx * ddx + ddy * ddy + ddz * ddz);
-                    if (d < nearest) nearest = d;
-                    if (d < 1e-12) { hit = true; hitVal = pts.v[p]; break; }
-                    const double w = 1.0 / std::pow(d, s.power);
+                    const double d2 = ddx * ddx + ddy * ddy + ddz * ddz;
+                    if (d2 > maxd2) continue;  // 超距点不参与(局部 IDW)+ 跳过昂贵的权重计算
+                    any = true;
+                    if (d2 < 1e-24) { hit = true; hitVal = pts.v[p]; break; }
+                    const double w = fastPow2 ? (1.0 / d2) : std::pow(d2, -halfPow);
                     wsum += w; vsum += w * pts.v[p];
                 }
                 if (hit) vol.at(i, j, k) = hitVal;
-                else if (nearest > s.maxDist || wsum == 0.0) vol.at(i, j, k) = nan;
+                else if (!any || wsum == 0.0) vol.at(i, j, k) = nan;  // maxDist 内无点 → blank
                 else vol.at(i, j, k) = vsum / wsum;
             }
     return vol;
diff --git a/src/render/actors/VoxelActor.cpp b/src/render/actors/VoxelActor.cpp
index 63bf16b..0037171 100644
--- a/src/render/actors/VoxelActor.cpp
+++ b/src/render/actors/VoxelActor.cpp
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 #include <vtkColorTransferFunction.h>
 #include <vtkDoubleArray.h>
-#include <vtkGPUVolumeRayCastMapper.h>
 #include <vtkNew.h>
+#include <vtkSmartVolumeMapper.h>
 #include <vtkPiecewiseFunction.h>
 #include <vtkPointData.h>
 #include <vtkVolumeProperty.h>
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ vtkSmartPointer<vtkVolume> buildVoxel(const geopro::core::ScalarVolume& vol,
     opacity->AddPoint(vmin, 0.0);
     opacity->AddPoint(vmax, kMaxOpacity);
 
-    vtkNew<vtkGPUVolumeRayCastMapper> mapper;
+    // SmartVolumeMapper：有 GPU 走 GPU ray cast，否则自动回退 CPU，避免无 GPU 时卡死/失败。
+    vtkNew<vtkSmartVolumeMapper> mapper;
     mapper->SetInputData(img);
 
     vtkNew<vtkVolumeProperty> prop;